This national cohort study evaluated how the sequencing of immunotherapy relative to surgery impacts outcomes in operable stage III melanoma. The analysis compared neoadjuvant versus adjuvant immunotherapy approaches and their effect on survival, recurrence, and surgical morbidity.

Sequencing of immunotherapy relative to surgery significantly impacts outcomes in operable stage III melanoma.

Neoadjuvant immunotherapy may offer survival advantages over adjuvant approaches in select stage III melanoma patients.